Large cents are one of the most important and fascinating parts of early American coinage. These coins, which were in circulation from the late 1700s to the mid-1800s, are some of the earliest forms of currency used in the United States. The story of the large cent is not only about the coins themselves but also about the history of the U.S. as it developed into a nation. This article will take you through the history, design, and significance of the large cent and explain why these coins are so valuable to collectors today.
What Are Large Cents?
Large cents are one-cent coins that were issued by the United States Mint from 1793 to 1857. They were called “large” because of their size, which was much bigger than today’s modern pennies. These coins were made of copper, and their size and weight made them harder to carry around. They are also known for their distinctive designs, which changed several times throughout their history.
Key Features of Large Cents
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Diameter | 29-30 mm |
| Weight | 13.48 grams |
| Material | Copper |
| Minting Years | 1793 – 1857 |
| Mintmarks | None, but some coins were minted in specific cities (Philadelphia, etc.) |
| Designs | Various designs, including Liberty Head, Draped Bust, and Classic Head |
| Value | Can range from a few dollars to thousands of dollars depending on rarity and condition |
The Origins of the Large Cent
The first large cent was issued in 1793, shortly after the creation of the United States Mint. The U.S. government needed a way to produce its own currency, and the large cent was born. At that time, the country was still very young, and the government was just beginning to figure out how to mint coins that were reliable, stable, and could be used in everyday transactions.
The design of the first large cent was very different from the modern penny. It featured a figure of Lady Liberty on the front with flowing hair, and the back had a simple design of a wreath.
1793: The First Large Cent Design
The first large cent design, created by the artist Robert Scot, was introduced in 1793. This early coin featured a depiction of Lady Liberty with flowing hair, facing to the right. On the back, the coin had a small wreath surrounding the words “ONE CENT.” This design, known as the “Chain Cent,” was only produced for one year before being replaced by a different design.
Changes in Design Over Time
As the years passed, the U.S. Mint made several changes to the design of the large cent. These changes often reflected the political and social climate of the time, as well as the evolving needs of the Mint and the public.
1. The Draped Bust (1796-1807)
The Draped Bust design replaced the Chain Cent in 1796. It featured a portrait of Liberty with a more classical appearance, wearing a draped gown and a flowing cap. This design was used for over a decade and is one of the most recognizable designs of the large cent series.
2. The Classic Head (1808-1814)
The Classic Head design came next, showing Liberty with a simpler hairstyle and a more detailed cap. This design was used for several years, but it was eventually replaced by the Coronet design in 1816.
3. The Coronet (1816-1839)
The Coronet design is one of the most well-known and long-lasting designs of the large cent. It featured a more elaborate version of Liberty, with her hair tied in a bun and a coronet (or crown) on her head. This design was used until 1839, when it was replaced by the famous “Liberty Head” design.
4. The Liberty Head (1839-1857)
The final design used on the large cent was the Liberty Head design. It depicted a bust of Liberty with a headband inscribed with the word “LIBERTY.” This design was used until the large cent was discontinued in 1857 and replaced with the smaller Indian Head cent.
Why Were Large Cents Discontinued?
By the mid-1800s, the United States was undergoing many changes. The economy was growing, and people needed a more practical form of currency. The large cent, with its heavy weight and large size, was no longer ideal for daily transactions. In 1857, the U.S. Mint decided to discontinue the large cent in favor of the smaller Indian Head penny, which was easier to carry and use in everyday commerce.
The Transition to the Indian Head Cent
The Indian Head cent, introduced in 1859, was smaller in size and more suitable for everyday use. It was also made from a different material—copper and nickel—making it cheaper to produce. The change in coin design marked the end of the large cent and the beginning of a new era in U.S. coinage.
Table of Significant Large Cent Variations
Here’s a table showing some of the most notable large cent designs and their years of minting.
| Design | Years Minted | Key Features |
|---|---|---|
| Chain Cent | 1793 | First design, Lady Liberty with flowing hair |
| Draped Bust | 1796-1807 | Classic portrait of Liberty in draped gown |
| Classic Head | 1808-1814 | Simple hairstyle, Liberty with a detailed cap |
| Coronet | 1816-1839 | Liberty with a bun and coronet on her head |
| Liberty Head | 1839-1857 | Final design, Liberty with headband inscribed “LIBERTY” |
Conclusion
Large cents are a fascinating part of early American history. From their creation in 1793 to their discontinuation in 1857, these coins offer a glimpse into the growing nation and the changes in coin design and production. While the large cent is no longer in circulation today, it remains a cherished piece of U.S. coinage, with many collectors seeking out rare and valuable examples. Whether you’re a seasoned collector or new to the hobby, large cents are a must-have for anyone interested in the history of American currency.
FAQ’s
1. Why were large cents so big?
The large cent was designed during a time when coins were larger and heavier. They were made from copper, which was less expensive than precious metals like gold or silver, but the size made them difficult to carry.
2. When were large cents discontinued?
Large cents were discontinued in 1857 and replaced by the smaller Indian Head penny, which was easier to carry and use in everyday transactions.
3. What’s the most valuable large cent?
The 1793 Chain Cent is one of the most valuable large cents. Depending on its condition, it can be worth hundreds of thousands of dollars.
4. Why did the U.S. Mint change the designs of large cents?
The Mint changed designs to reflect the evolving political and social climate, as well as the need for more efficient and recognizable coin designs.