The 1859 Indian Head Cent is a beloved coin among collectors and historians alike. As the first coin in the Indian Head series, it represents a significant shift in American coin design and production. This guide will explore its history, design, value, and legacy, helping collectors of all levels understand its importance.
The History of the 1859 Indian Head Cent
A New Era of Small Cents
In 1856, the U.S. Mint began producing small cents to replace the bulky copper “large cents” and “half cents.” These changes came about due to the rising cost of copper, which made the production of larger coins uneconomical. The new coins were 19 mm in diameter and made of a durable copper-nickel alloy (88% copper, 12% nickel).
James Barton Longacre, the Mint’s Chief Engraver, first designed the Flying Eagle Cent in 1856, but it had flaws. The design’s high relief made it hard to mint, causing excessive wear on the coin dies. In 1858, Longacre proposed a new design: Lady Liberty wearing an Indian headdress. Treasury officials approved this design, and in 1859, the Indian Head Cent replaced the Flying Eagle Cent.
Design Changes Over the Years
The 1859 Indian Head Cent featured an obverse with Lady Liberty in an Indian headdress and a reverse showing a simple laurel wreath. In 1860, the reverse design was updated to include an oak wreath and a federal shield. The copper-nickel alloy remained until 1864 when the composition switched to bronze, making the coin lighter and darker.
Design Details of the 1859 Indian Head Cent
Obverse
- Design: Lady Liberty wearing a feathered headdress with “LIBERTY” inscribed on the band.
- Legend: “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.”
- Date: The year of minting is shown below Liberty.
Reverse
- Design: A laurel wreath encircling the denomination “ONE CENT.”
- Edge: Plain, with no reeding or lettering.
Coin Specifications
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Alloy | 88% copper, 12% nickel |
| Weight | 4.67 grams |
| Diameter | 19 mm |
| Edge | Plain |
| Obverse Designer | James Barton Longacre |
| Reverse Designer | James Barton Longacre |
| Year of Issue | 1859 |
| Mintage (Circulation) | 36,400,000 |
| Mintage (Proof) | 800 |
What Is the 1859 Indian Head Cent Worth?
The value of the 1859 Indian Head Cent depends on its condition and rarity. Here’s a breakdown:
| Condition | Price Range |
|---|---|
| Good Condition | $15–$20 |
| About Uncirculated (AU) | A few hundred dollars |
| Mint State (MS63) | $550–$800 |
| Gem Mint State (MS65) | $2,200–$2,500 |
| Top-Tier Examples (MS66+) | Up to $17,000 or more |
Proof versions, which were specially struck and limited to about 800 coins, are even rarer. They are comparable in price to high-grade business strikes but are more challenging to identify accurately.
The Legacy of the Indian Head Cent
James Longacre’s Indian Head Cent design has had a lasting influence on American coinage. By incorporating elements of Native American imagery, albeit stylized, the coin introduced a new artistic direction for U.S. coins. This design inspired later coins, such as the Buffalo Nickel and Sacagawea Dollar, which also honor Native American heritage.
The 1859 Indian Head Cent remains a favorite among collectors due to its historical importance, attractive design, and status as a one-year type coin. Whether you’re a seasoned collector or a beginner, owning this piece of history is both accessible and rewarding.
Conclusion
The 1859 Indian Head Cent isn’t just a coin—it’s a symbol of innovation in American history. From its introduction during a time of economic change to its enduring impact on coin design, it holds a special place in numismatic collections. Its values range widely, ensuring that collectors of all budgets can enjoy owning a piece of this iconic coin.
FAQ’s
What is the 1859 Indian Head Cent?
The 1859 Indian Head Cent is a U.S. coin featuring Lady Liberty wearing an Indian headdress. It was produced by the U.S. Mint to replace the Flying Eagle Cent and was minted until 1909.
How much is the 1859 Indian Head Cent worth?
The value of the 1859 Indian Head Cent ranges from $15–$20 for a low-grade coin to over $17,000 for high-quality examples in Mint State condition.
What makes the 1859 Indian Head Cent special?
This coin is unique because it’s the first of the Indian Head series, and its design, featuring Native American imagery, had a lasting influence on U.S. coinage.